IONIC BONDING, COVALENT BONDING, MATALLIC BONDING, CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN TERMS OF ENERGY TRANSFERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BREAKING AND MAKING OF CHEMICAL BONDS,

 IONIC BONDING:

 (1)       Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

(2)       Mostly they are solid at room temperature and pressure.

(3)       They have high melting points boiling points and high enthalpy change of vaporization.

(4)       They conduct electricity only in molten or in aqueous form.

(5)       Many ionic compounds are soluble in water.

(6)       Bond energy for ionic bond is very high.

             COVALENT BONDING:

 (1)       Electrostatic attraction between shared electrons and bonded nuclei.

(2)       Exist in all three status of matter.

(3)       Simple molecules have low melting and boiling points, whereas gaint covalent lattice have very high melting points.

(4)       They are usually non-conductors.

(5)       They are mostly insoluble in water but are soluble in non-organic solvents.

             MATALLIC BONDING:

 (1)       Electrostatic forces of attraction between delocalized sea of electrons and positive metal ions.

(2)       Mostly metals are solid except, mercury which is liquid at r.t.p.

(3)       They also have high melting and boiling points.

(4)       They are hard and malleable.

(5)       They can conduct electricity both in solid and molten state, due to the pressure of sea of free electrons.

(6)       They are insoluble in water but metals react with water or steam by liberating hydrogen gas.

 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN TERMS OFENERGY TRANSFERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BREAKING AND MAKING OF CHEMICAL BONDS:

             When a chemical reaction takes place old chemical bonds break and new chemical bond are formed. It required energy to break bonds and energy is released when bonds are formed, so most chemical reactions involve some sort of energy change.  The energy may be given out from the system to the surroundings or it may be absorbed by the system in order for the reaction to take place. The energy involved may be in different forms like energy  electrical.

Metter exists in three states i.e; Solid, liquid and gas. The kinetic molecular theory gives the idea about the behavior of the states of matter.

 KINETICTHEORY OF GASES:

             The kinetic theory of gases is a mathematically explanation of the        behavior of an ideal gas. The theory is based on the following assumptions:

 (1)       Gases are consisted of tiny, independent particles which are called molecules. Nobel gases exist as individual atoms, hence, they exist as mono atomic molecules. 

 (2)       The molecules of gases are moving randomly. They are in continuously motion, collide with each other as well as with the walls of container.

 (3)       The pressure exerted by the gas molecules is due to collision of gas  molecules on the walls of container.

 (4)       The collisions among gas molecules are perfectly elastic i.e; they do not lose their energy it remains conserved because on collision their velocities are interchanged but total energy or momentum remained conserved.

 (5)       The forces of gravity has almost no effect on the molecules of gas.

 (6)       The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas.

 (7)       The gas molecules are widely separated from the each other.

 (8)       These are no forces of attraction or repulsion among the gas molecules.

 (9)      The actual volume of gas molecules is negligible as compared to the volume occupied by the gas molecules.

 (10)     Distribution of molecular speed in gas molecules at different temperatures follow Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.       

Energy

The area under the curves represent the total number of molecules in the sample increasing the temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the molecules. As a result, the curve at  higher temperature broadens out. Since the total number of molecules remain the sam, the distribution curve becomes flatter as the temperature increases.